MADRID
La Comunidad de Madrid se centra obviamente en la capital del Estado. Desde la época del Magerit árabe hasta el Madrid actual, han pasado siglos de poder y expansión, que han afectado profundamente la vida del territorio.
En el año 1083, tras la Reconquista de Alfonso VI, Madrid pasó a ser uno de los territorios arrebatados a Al-Andalus. Mas tarde, se instauraron concejos municipales y se le concedió privilegios locales. Durante el reinado de Carlos I, Madrid fue escenario de la revuelta de los comuneros, que fracasó en la batalla de Villalar. Madrid no adquirió especial preponderancia hasta que Felipe II trasladó allí su corte, convirtiéndola en la capital del país. Desde entonces, la historia de Madrid ha ido paralela a la de España. En el siglo XVIII, comenzó un período de esplendor que culminó durante el reinado de Carlos III. El motín de Esquilache, el tumulto de Aranjuez y el alzamiento del pueblo madrileño iniciaron la Guerra de la Independencia en el año 1808.
Esta comunidad autónoma está situada en el centro geográfico de la península, confina con las provincias de Segovia, Guadalajara, Cuenca, Toeldo y Avila. Su extensión es de 8002.11 km2.
La provincia presenta un clima continental de inviernos fríos y veranos cálidos.
ENGLISH
Madrid is the capital of Spain. Madrid is the largest city city in Spain, as well as in the province and the autonomous community of the same name. It is located on the river Manzanares in the center of the country, in the historic region of New Castile. Due to its geographical location, wealth and history, Madrid is considered the main financial center of the Iberian Peninsula, along with Lisbon, and the political center of Spain.
As the former capital of the old Spanish Empire, Madrid has been bestowed with a degree of cultural predominance. The general aspect of Madrid is modern, with boulevards and fashionable shopping areas, but the old quarters have picturesque streets. Its landmarks include the huge Royal Palace of Madrid; a restored 1850 opera house; the Buen Retiro park, opened in 1631; the imposing 19th-century building containing the Spanish national library (founded 1712), the national archives, and an archaeological museum; and three superb art museums: Prado Museum, which houses one of the finest art collections in the world; the Queen Sofía Museum of modern art; and the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, housed in the renovated Villahermosa Palace.
The population of the city was 3.500 million (December 2005), while the estimated urban area population is 5.500 million. The entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area (urban area and suburbs) is calculated to be 5.843 million. The city spans a total of 607 km² (234 square miles).
Following the restoration of democracy in 1975 and the integration to the European Union, Madrid has experienced an increasing role in European finances, making an important European metropolis. The residents of Madrid are called Madrileños, and the current mayor is Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón, of the centre-right Partido Popular.
History
Middle Ages
Although the site of modern-day Madrid has been occupied since prehistoric times, in Roman age his territory belonged the diocese of Complutum (present Alcalá de Henares). But the first historical data on the city comes from the 9th century, when Mehmed I ordered the construction of a small palace in the same place that is today occupied by the Palacio Real. Around this palace a small citadel, al-Mudaina, was built. Near that palace was the Manzanares, which the Muslims called al-Majrīṭ (Arabic: المجريط, "source of water"). From this came the naming of the site as Majerit, which was later rendered to the modern-day spelling of Madrid). The citadel was conquered in 1085 by Alfonso VI of Castile in his advance towards Toledo. He reconsecrated the mosque as the church of the Virgin of Almudena (almudin, the garrison's granary). In 1329, the Cortes Generales first assembled in the city to advise Ferdinand IV of Castile. Sephardic Jews and Moors continued to live in the city until they were expelled at the end of the 15th century.
After troubles and a large fire, Henry III of Castile (1379-1406) rebuilt the city and established himself safely fortified outside its walls in El Pardo. The grand entry of Ferdinand and Isabella to Madrid heralded the end of strife between Castile and Aragon.
Renaissance
The kingdoms of Castilla, with its capital at Toledo, and Aragón, with its capital at Saragossa, were welded into modern Spain by Charles I of Spain. Though Charles favored Madrid, it was his son, Philip II (1527-1598) who moved the court to Madrid in 1561. Although he made no official declaration, the seat of the court was the de facto capital. Seville continued to control the Spanish Indies, but Madrid controlled Seville. Aside from a brief period, 1601-1606, when Felipe III installed his court in Valladolid, Madrid's fortunes have closely mirrored those of Spain. During the Siglo de Oro (Golden Century), in the 16th/17th century, Madrid had no resemblance with other European capitals: the population of the city was economically dependent on the business of the court itself.
End of Renaissance and Early modern Madrid
Felipe V decided that a European capital could not stay in such a state, and new palaces (including the Palacio Real de Madrid) were built during his reign. However, it would not be until Carlos III (1716-1788) that Madrid would become a modern city. Carlos III was one of the most popular kings in the history of Madrid, and the saying "the best mayor, the king" became popular during those times. When Carlos IV (1748-1819) became king the people of Madrid revolted. After the Mutiny of Aranjuez, which was led by his own son Fernando VII against him, Carlos IV resigned, but Fernando VII's reign would be short: in May of 1808 Napoleon's troops entered the city. On May 2, 1808 (Spanish: Dos de Mayo) the Madrilenes revolted against the French forces, whose brute reaction would have a lasting impact on French rule in Spain and France's image in Europe in general.
After the war of independence (1814) Fernando VII came back to the throne, but after a liberal military revolution, Colonel Riego made the king swear respect to the Constitution. This would start a period where liberal and conservative government alternated, that would end with the enthronement of Isabel II (1830-1904).
Isabel II could not calm down the political tension that would lead to yet another revolt, the First Spanish Republic, and the comeback of the monarchs, which eventually led to the Second Spanish Republic and the Spanish Civil War. During this war (1936-1939) Madrid was one of the most affected cities and its streets were battlezones. Madrid was a stronghold of the Republicans from July 1936. Its western suburbs were the scene of an all out battle in November 1936, when the Nationalist forces tried to take the city. Thereafter, the city was besieged for almost three years, until it surrendered in March 1939. It was during the Civil War that Madrid became the first city to be bombed by airplanes specifically targeting civilians. (See Siege of Madrid (1936-39)).
During the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, especially after the sixties, the south of Madrid became very industrialized and there were massive migrations from rural environments into the city. Madrid's south-eastern periphery became an extensive slum settlement, which was the base for an active cultural and political frame.
After the death of Franco, emerging democratic parties (including those of left-wing and republican ideology) accepted Franco's wishes of being succeeded by Juan Carlos I - in order to secure stability and democracy - which led Spain to its current position as constitutional monarchy.
Befitting from the prosperity it gained in the 1980s, the capital city of Spain has consolidated its position as the leading economic, cultural, industrial, educational, and technological center on the Iberian peninsula.
21st Century
On 11 March 2004, Madrid was hit by a terrorist attack when terrorists placed a series of bombs on multiple trains during the rush hour, three days before the 14 March 2004 elections. This was the worst massacre in Spain since the end of the civil war in 1939.
At first, the Basque separatists ETA were blamed by the then Partido Popular government, but it was later revealed that Islamic terrorists were to blame. The Partido Popular, now in opposition, as well as certain media outlets such as El Mundo newspaper and a small percentage of the population, continue to support theories relating the attack to a vast conspiracy to remove them from power. These theories consider that the Socialist Party (PSOE), ETA, as well as members of the security forces and national and foreign secret services were implicated in the bombings.
Nevertherless, all the investigations carried out by Del Olmo Judge in Madrid lead all suspicions towards a local terrorist Islamist cell (which mainly resided in the "barrio" of Lavapies) that wanted to punish the Spanish government for their implication in the Iraq war, as the terrorists themselves asserted in some video tapes found at the Madrid Muslim Mosque in the aftermath of the attacks.
Madrid has also expressed its desire to become an Olympic city, and in that way it became a candidate for the 2012 games, which finally won London after Madrid was eliminated in the third round of the ballot. However, the mayor of the city has already stated that Madrid's Olympic dream did not end at Singapore, as the city will again present itself as a candidate to host the 2016 Olympic games.
Climate
The region of Madrid has a Mediterranean climate with cold winters that often experience temperatures lower than 8 °C. Summer tends to be warm with temperatures that consistently surpass 30 °C in July and that can often reach 40 °C. Due to Madrid's high altitude and dry climate, nightly temperatures tend to be cooler, leading to a lower average in the summer months. Precipitation levels are low, but precipitation can be observed all throughout the year. Summer and winter are the driest seasons, with most rainfall occurring in the autumn and spring.
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